A Comparative Study of the Development of Ragtime free essay sample

Blues, work tunes, jazz, spirituals, and minstrel tunes were, in their own particular manners, all piece of the incomparable Fractionation of American music that was started by subjugated Africans in the southern United States. In any case, the best of the melodic structures created In this procedure was jazzone of the significant American commitments to world culture. Every one of these types of music made basic commitments to the improvement of Jazz Itself however every, pretty much, held Its own Integrity and none could be said to have been changed into jazz.What separated Jazz from these previous styles was the across the board utilization of impromptu creation, regularly by more than each player in turn. Jazz spoke to a break from Western melodic conventions, where the arranger composed a bit of music on paper and the performers at that point attempted their best to play precisely what was in the score. In a Jazz piece, the tune is frequently Just a beginning stage or edge of reference for the performers to Improvise around. The tune may have been a mainstream jingle or blues that they didnt make, however when they were done with it they had formed another piece that frequently looked somewhat like the first song.Many of these virtuoso performers were bad sight perusers and some couldn't peruse music by any stretch of the imagination, in any case their playing excited crowds and the unconstrained music they made caught a delight and feeling of experience that was an energizing and radical takeoff from the music of that time. The main Jazz was played by African-American and Creole artists In New Orleans. The cornet player, Buddy Bolder Is commonly viewed as the principal genuine Jazz artist. Other early players included Freddie Sheppard, Bunk Johnson and Clarence Williams.Although these artists names are obscure to the vast majority, at that point and owe, their thoughts are as yet being expounded right up 'til the present time. The vast majority of these men couldn't get by with their music and had to maintain humble Sources of income to get by. All through the development of Jazz music, different structures were made and created In various geographic locales. Two entirely eminent styles of Jazz music are Ragtime and Dixieland. TLS paper will examine and investigate the advancement of both Ragtime and Dixieland all through the late nineteenth century and mid twentieth century. Jazz rhythms showed up in print as right on time as the main portion of the nineteenth century, yet the principal distributed jazz piece is commonly recognized to be Mississippi Rag, formed by William Krill in 1897. Later that equivalent year, Tom Turnip turned into the primary dark arranger to distribute a jazz structure with his work Harlem Rag. Both are very much created and propose that the jazz style had been In Incubation for quite a while before their appearance. By the turn of the century, the jazz furor was going all out, to such an extent that highbrow pundits felt constrained to assault it. Ragtimes days are numbered, proclaimed Metronome magazine. We are sorry to imply that anybody ought to envision that jazz was of the least melodic significance. It was a well known wave off course. That equivalent year, the American Federation artists comprehend what is acceptable, and if the individuals dont, we should instruct them. 1 amidst this quick spread of another melodic style, the term cloth perpetually became both abused and twisted, frequently being utilized to signify a wide scope of African-American melodic idioms.Many pieces from this period utilize the word cloth in their title while looking somewhat like what has come to be currently as exemplary cloth style, Just the same number of alleged blues arrangements wandered, at times extensively, from the standard twelve-bar structure. By the by as the style advanced, jazz formed into an organized four-subject structure, with every tune commonly enveloping sixteen bars. The most widely recognized structure for these exemplary cloth pieces was BACKED, with a regulation to an alternate key regularly utilized for the C theme.Although the distributed jazz creations came to incorporate vocal works and band courses of acti on, this style arrived at its most elevated pitch as a type of solo piano music. From various perspectives, the spread of this Jubilant new music went connected at the hip with the developing fame of pianos thus of-the-century American families. Somewhere in the range of 1890 and 1909, all out piano creation in the United States developed from under 100,000 instruments for each year to over 350,000and it is important that 1909 denoted the pinnacle level in American piano creation, yet in addition in the quantity of jazz pieces published.By 1911, a stunning 295 separate organizations fabricating pianos had set up tasks in the United States, with another 69 organizations delivering piano supplies. During this equivalent period, player pianos progressively advanced into homes and assembling places. In 1897, that year that saw the distribution of the primary jazz piece, the Angelus bureau player piano, the principal such instrument to go through a pneumatic push gadget to discourage the keys, was discharged to an eager commercial center. By 1919 player pianos established over a large portion of the yield of the U. S. Piano industry. These two incredible patterns, the spread of pianos into American family units and the developing ubiquity of mechanical player pianos, helped prod the colossal open interest or jazz music during the early long stretches of the twentieth century. This remarkable overflowing of jazz aestheticness was focused, to a striking degree, in a genuinely little land region. Similarly as the rustic blues bloomed in the climate of the Mississippi Delta, and as early Jazz would later prosper in the environs of New Orleans, so early jazz arrived at its peak thusly of-the-century Missouri. The urban areas of Saddles, Cartage, and SST.Louis, among others, bragged a sparkling cluster cloth arrangers, just as a goal-oriented gathering of music distributers who perceived the phenomenal assemblage of ability close by. In Saddles, a blasting railroad town that nearly turned into the state capital, Scott Joplin accumulated a unit of promising cloth writers around him, including his understudies Scott Hayd en and Arthur Marshall. Seats music distributer John Stark, a significant supporter for jazz when all is said in done and Joplin specifically, end up being a significant impetus in bringing crafted by these neighborhood authors to the consideration of the more extensive open. Distinct, Joplin, and Hayden in the end moved to SST. Louis, another significant focal point of cloth action during these greatness years. The nearby arrangers here included Louis Chauvinism, an outstandingly skilled dative of the city who deserted very scarcely any structures, just as Tom Turnip and Artier Matthews. In Cartage, Missouri, James Scott made various exceptional where Scott worked. Except for Joseph Lamb, a white arranger from Montclair, New Jersey, practically all the main examples of the exemplary cloth style made their home, at some point, in Missouri.Scott Joplin stands apart as the best of these writers. While others may have composed clothes that were all the more actually requesting or flaunted all the more striking curiosity impacts, none could move toward he basic polish, the melodic imaginativeness, or the unflagging responsibility to masterfulness that described Joplin significant works. Nor would some other cloth author coordinate Joplin aspirations for the musicambitions that prompted the organization of two shows, an expressive dance, and different works that solidly tested the lowbrow notoriety of the cloth idiom.Although his all the more brave works never picked up the acknowledgment, in any event during his lifetime, that Joplin ached for, his notoriety stands apart today even more because of the elevated requirements which he yearned for. Joplin was conceived in Texans, Texas, n November 24, 1868. His dad, the previous slave Giles Joplin, hosted played the violin for house gatherings given by the nearby slave-proprietor in the days prior to the Emancipation Proclamation, while his mom, Florence Givens Joplin, sang and played the banjo.The banjo may have particularly affected Coots melodic sensibilities: the timed rhythms of nineteenth-century African-American banjo music are away from of the later piano cloth style. While Scott was still in his childhood, his dad left the family, and his mom had to depend on local work to help her six hillier. Joplin showed his partiality for the console at an early age. He regularly went with his mom to the houses where she worked and would play and extemporize on the piano while she approached her chores.By his teenagers, Joplin had built up himself as an expert musician, with chances to play at places of worship, clubs, and parties in the fringe region of Texas and Arkansas. Later he got associated with showing music just as in singing with a vocal quintet that performed generally in the district. During this period, Joplin made his first endeavors at piece. Sooner or later in the mid-backtalk, Joplin moved to SST. Louis, where he earned his occupation basically as a piano player, both as a soloist in cantinas and different nightspots just as with a band.The gathering work allowed Joplin a chance to build up the abilities in masterminding that would later arrive at their apex in arrangements for his two shows. Joplin made his home in SST. Louis for right around 10 years, yet he voyaged broadly during these years. Sooner or later in the mid-backtalk, Joplin settled down in Saddles, where he in the end started examining agreement and sythesis at the close by George R. Smith College for Negroes. Around 1897, Joplin composed the Maple Leaf Rag, an organization that would before long become the most renowned jazz bit of its day.It wasnt until two years after the fact that John Stark distributed the work, and in the main year just 400 duplicates were sold. Be that as it may, in the fall of 1900, the Maple Leaf Rag got on with the overall population, in the end turning into the primary bit of sheet music to sell more than one million duplicates. This figure is all the all the more dazzling when one understands that there were less than 100,000 profe

The Role Of The Lend-Lease Program In Allied Victory During WWII Essay

The Role Of The Lend-Lease Program In Allied Victory During WWII - Essay Example That fiction of lack of bias got compromised by a long string of Nazi triumphs in Europe. The organization of President Franklin Roosevelt before long started to search for alternatives offer guide to Britain while staying out of the war in a carefully military sense. 'On the off chance that your neighbor's home is ablaze, should you not assist with stifling it?' Britain's home was on fire, and it is far fetched the all out breakdown of Britain and law based states in Western Europe would not have represented a danger to the United States sometime not too far off. (Hickman, 2012) All things considered, any endeavor to loan direct guide to the Allies would be met with political restriction; Congress just as numerous customary Americans regarded the alerts of the Nation's first President against traps in Quite a while. The First World War did little to clarify the general population of this thought. As World War II got inescapable there were scarcely any signs that the United States would turn into an enormous mechanical powerhouse that would demonstrate the essential wellspring of military help. Albeit American feelings were unquestionably lined up with the countries who restricted Nazi-ism and Fascism, before late 1939 (September) the administration upheld an arrangement of severe lack of bias, hence practically no exertion was made to put the economy on a war balance. The dread of another European war was genuine, and compelling.Such fears incited Congress to pass the Neutrality Act of 1935 and resulting supporting changes in 1936 and 1937. The totality of t hese measures made it illicit to give credits or fare fighting actualizes to combative nations. What's more, the Johnson Act of 1934 restricted buys using a loan to any country in default of installments to the United States. Extraordinary Britain and France put in enormous requests for weapons, however were required to pay for their things on an exacting money and convey premise. The circumstance in Europe intensified on September 1, 1939 when Nazi Germany attacked Poland. Two days following the assault, both France and British announced war on Germany; starting a contention that was soon to extend from China, to Ethiopia, and Civil War in Spain. The market for American Munitions was to get worldwide. (Martel, 2007 p.7, p.165) The Neutrality Act set the central government stuck an imbroglio, whereby they expected to freeze pending requests by law at the initiation of open threats. However the President was delicate to the propensity of compassion from the American open on the side of just governments battling Nazi animosity. The President was additionally mindful of the urgent need of Britain and France for American weapons and supplies. Subsequently, President Franklin Roosevelt called an uncommon meeting of Congress so as to propose a way to make sure about administrative alleviation. On November 4, 1939 Congress passed the Pittman Act, which served to lift the ban. Providing French and British requests for weapons supported American industry in the transformation from business to the military creation that would before long be required. It likewise helped the incessant joblessness paces of the Great Depression. To encourage the change it was important to convey the requests with poise. Instead of devise an uncommon new administration, the legislature utilized the current Clearance Committee of the Army and Navy Munitions Board to sort out the gracefully/weapons buy leases. Another impediment to America's push to prepare remote belligerents was that it was as yet unlawful to buy government-claimed weapons. To avoid this limitation the War Department offered weapons and ammo to the United States Steel Export Company, which filled in as a go-between to the

Women in the Workplace essays

Ladies in the Workplace articles Ladies in the Workplace The rise of a urban, industrialized society influenced the lives of American ladies in the late nineteenth century. Ladies during this time were starting to see that in addition to the fact that they belonged in the home, yet they could likewise discover a job in the working environment. Men, then again, kept up their job in the activity showcase. Be that as it may, the occupations of the two people in the nineteenth become increasingly more represented considerable authority in their inclination. Ladies during the 1800s were looking for employments that had regularly been finished by men. These occupations included office work and industrial facility work. As ladies scanning for work found, the employments they needed to acquire were not there. Men, or other ladies who had begun the hunt before had just filled these occupations. Notwithstanding, with the revamping of modern culture, an ever increasing number of occupations would start to open up. Adams 2 The expanding number of occupations implied there was more specialization in the working environment. Alongside the specialization of industry came improved innovation. This would end up being an incredible method to land ladies into positions. Innovation, for instance, prompted the creation of the typewriter. During the 1880s, additionally, the work of ladies in workplaces start to climb sharply.... This fortuitous event has driven a few experts to infer that the creation of the typewriter was fundamentally answerable for the work of ladies in workplaces in the United States (p68). The development of the typewriter prompted magnificent occupations for ladies in the nineteenth century. Ladies could now hold administrative occupations. These administrative occupations included situations as transcribers and typists. For ladies, these were dream occupations. Presently, ladies would not need to work in industrial facilities under incredibly brutal conditions. Administrative work was common ly observed as more alluring than modern work, and this prodded ladies of average workers sources to look for administrative occupations (p71). In taking administrative positions, ladies would work less hour... <!

Complications of a Fallen World Comparing The White Devil and Paradise Lost - Literature Essay Samples

Webster’s presentation of the fallen world in Act V of The White Devil appears as a more developed and grander reflection of Milton’s fallen world in Book IX of Paradise Lost. Milton’s outstanding attributes of the fallen world are developed by Webster in his presentation of evil characters who, being part of a fallen society, display the same characteristics as the post-fall Adam and Eve at the end of Book IX – mirroring the darker emotional development of the pair, undergoing a transition from blissful innocence to uncontrollable greed, lustful desire and falsity. However, though Milton’s protagonists must undergo a fall in order to understand the knowledge of evil, those in Webster’s The White Devil are already fallen and possess this knowledge in excess, creating a farcical accentuation of the already established attributes to a fallen being – as Webster’s characters not only possess these traits but actually become represen tative of them thematically. Webster’s characterisation in The White Devil is based upon the sins committed by the fallen Adam and Eve, yet he accentuates them to make his fallen world seem obsessive over these sinful traits. Webster too, like Milton, uses his work in order to emphasise the corruption of the contemporary world; Milton attempting to ‘justify’ it, giving reasoning behind the fall, and Webster to later elaborate by subtly, through his use of revenge tragedy, bringing metaphorical justice to King James I who, at the time, could be representative of Satan – the most fallen being of all. In Milton’s fallen world, women become the centre of all blame as the patriarchal hierarchy collapses. Adam’s final speech in Book IX of Paradise Lost states that destruction ‘shall befall thee who worth in women over trusting’, resonating in the mind of the reader as the book draws to a close that the fault of the ‘Fall’ lies entirely in the hands in Eve who, having asked ‘trust’ in her faith from Adam, failed to prove her ‘worth’ by undergoing temptation by Satan. Similarly, in The White Devil, Flamineo encourages men to ‘ne’er trust a woman’ and accuses them also of having the fault that would bring pain amongst ‘men’, echoing Adam’s chastising words to Eve. Vittoria and Isabella, the two most prominent female presences in the play, act as the driving force for Francisco to take revenge – allowing him to develop his fallen senses of pride and gluttony alongside a murder ous obsession with death. Tynan believes that scarcely an act is committed that is not motivated by greed, revenge or rapacity; the actions listed by Tyran are committed by the men in Webster’s The White Devil under an influence of a sexual greed, sexual revenge or sexual rapacity – therefore driven by the temptation of the woman to the man, as Adam is tempted by Eve and later driven to ‘cast lascivious eyes’ in acceptance of his new found destructive sexuality. Brachiano similarly, like the fallen Adam, is driven by an undying sexual lust and following love for Vittoria which causes the failure of his patriarchy over her due to her ‘female charm’; his love for Vittoria is arguably what causes his downfall, just as Adams love and later lust for Eve leads him to supposed ‘death’ – he is ‘not deceived’ by her outward ‘female charm’ but instead ‘overcome as his patriarchy becomes outweighed. Bra chiano develops into the contemporary mirror of the anti-Adam, falling from his high position in the hierarchy and faces death for his failure – just as Adam believes that ‘death’ will be the punishment for his failed patriarchal control. Both Milton and Webster could therefore be suggesting that the fallen world must undergo a loss of the patriarch due to the temptation of the male by the female, using her sexuality as a weapon to lure him in. Milton’s use of the breakdown of the ‘Chain of Being’ in Paradise Lost by the loss of control from Adam and Eve over nature emphasises this idea of the patriarch being required in order to hold up society and the hierarchy entirely. Brachiano’s downfall not only causes the chaotic death of himself but many other characters within the play, and the cause could be narrowed down for his lust and love for Vittoria which is illuminated in the very first lines of the play: ‘lost’ suggesting that he has entirely forgotten his patriarchal cause due to his love. The fallen world appears therefore to be left in chaos, as the fallen characters descend into revenge and murder for their own person vendetta and forget the need of unity that is displaye d by Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden at the start of Book IX. Without a hierarchy to confine characters to specific idealised roles and expectations, both Webster and Milton’s characters are left in a ‘survival of the fittest’ style battle for power over others, lusting to get back the perfection which was lost originally by Adam and Eve. This chaotic loss and simultaneous fight for fain reflects on both Milton and Webster’s own societies, where King Charles II and King James I respectively, having believed in the ‘Divine Right of Kings’, either attempted to or managed to dissolve parliament and other influential government bodies in order to have sole tyrannical rule over the country. Perhaps Milton and Webster are attempting to suggest that the King is the most fit representative of the fallen Adam and Brachiano-figure; driven by lust for power and ridden with fallen greed. Satan, however, is the ultimate driving force behind the destruction of society and descent into chaotic madness – acting both as an influence in Paradise Lost directly, and in The White Devil through specific evil characters that reflect Milton’s portrayal of the Devil; yet, following the actual Fall of Man, Satan has no further presence within the epic, having completed the job which he set out to do. Flamineo and Francisco, however, being the two most influential representative of Satan in Webster’s The White Devil, remain present until the closing of the play due to a lack of justice that allows them to remain alive for almost the entirety. Alike Satan, Francisco and Flamineo use the people around them purely for their own personal cause – having no regard for the consequences it may bring on themselves; Flamineo has no insight into his downfall until it becomes obvious: ‘my life was a black charnel’, ‘black’ connoting images of darkness and the unknown, and Francisco similarly shows a lack of concern for the later consequences his actions might have: ‘tush for justice’, having no concern for the lives of his mercenaries but yet protecting his own in the use of them. Satan too is consumed wholly by taking revenge on God, and this is later reflected on Eve who is totally controlled by her innate desire for the fruit leaving her ‘defaced’ and ‘deflowered’ – the authors seem to be suggesting that personal gain through desire is completely consuming in the fallen world. Webster’s use of obsessive personal gain in his characterisation of Flamineo, Brachiano and Francisco is reflective of the revengeful, personal desire of Satan which is later reflected on Eve – Brachiano’s desire seems to spark a chain of revenge, yet all of the characters remove themselves from blame. Satan, in his opening speech in Book IX, attempts to convince himself of hi s innocence, and Eve later following her fall excuses herself from blame by accusing Adam as the patriarch that he should have ‘command(ed) her absolutely not to go’. As stated earlier, this may be because those involved in the fallen world believe that they are above the justice system, like the contemporary Kings. The formation of ‘blame’ as a fallen aspect in Adam and Eve leads to the breakdown of the relationship between them, just as blame in The White Devil leads to the literal breakdown due to the committed murders which severs marital and family relationships. This breakdown of relationships allows the characters to blame each other for their fallen aspects, just as Adam and Eve argue at the closing of Book IX, and this is what leads to ‘death’ and the total fall from grace. Tillyard relates the fall to ‘the yielding of reason to passion’, where the characters are unable to interact rationally but instead, directed by the p assionate desires for personal gain attributed to fallen beings, have to yield to their evil desires. Contextually, this relates to Milton’s own fallen nature – having blindly written Paradise Lost in a state of political alienation and therefore having a personal connection with his fallen nature, and Webster similarly writing about current Italian affairs which represented most accurately the fallen acts of the contemporary world. The relationship between King and people has been severed, and therefore people can attempt in their fallen desire to climb the social ladder. Innate desire is left unchecked, and is therefore wholly and personally consuming. The relationship with the self is also severed as disguise and false premise becomes more important that being one true and holy self in the eyes of God. In The White Devil the revengers take on disguises as a feign for innocence which will allow the trust of others so that they can then manipulate their targets – this reflects Satan’s character in Paradise Lost when he takes on the body of a ‘snake’, reducing himself to ‘bestial slime’ in order to best tempt Eve into falling. Once Adam and Eve have fallen, they themselves take on a disguise as they attempt to hide their fallen nature and the attributes associated with it, most specifically ‘shame’, by undergoing disguise and covering with ‘fig leaves’ to hide their fallen nature. A false presentation of innocent characteristics is what allows the fallen characters to trap and, in the case of Webster, kill innocent characters such as Isabella and Camillo by presenting a Satan-like false premise of security. Ludovico’s disguise is most prominent of feigned innocence in Webster’s narrative, having taken the ‘vow’ to become a monk in order to present himself as wholly virtuous and therefore trustworthy, despite underneath planning the murder of the Duke Brachiano with his fellow mercenaries. The lack of true selfhood again connotes a chaos which is typical to the fallen world, everything that may seem innocent is corrupted, and innocence is just an act that can be put on, as Eve does ‘with sweet accent renewed’ in her temptation of Adam. This further develops the already established theme of the breakdown of relationships as trust in each other is further removed, since the self that Adam believes Eve is, describing her after the fall as ‘holy, divine, good, amiable or sweet – how art thou lost’, recognising that all of the qualities of goodness she once possessed have been ridden of due to her fallen nature, perhaps also suggesting that these qualities were just weak falsity that can be easily broken. Webster uses the earlier dialogue between Marcello and Flamineo, where Marcello recognises the innate evil of his brother despite his often innocent exterior when protecting his sister. Flamineo most prominently uses disguise, a feigned madness, in order to present himself as innocent following the murder of Isabella – unable to cry at the news of her death. The removal of his disguise later causes the realisation of his true self: ‘I am falling to pieces’, as well as revealing many details about the true and corrupt nature of the society surrounding him. Similarly, Brachiano realises his weakness in the breakdown of his pompous ‘disguise’ of the virtuous Adam figure as he too descends into true madness: ‘have I not the power to lengthen mine own a twelvemonth?’ as suddenly his sense of reason disappears and is replaced by raving passion which can be seen in Adam and Eve following the fall – their madness is in their loss of reason and their loss of reason is their true moral understanding. The relationship therefore with the true ‘self’, full of goodness, is suggested to only appear at the moment of the character’s downfall – such as Flamineo and Brachiano’s oncoming deaths. Like Adam and Eve, who realise their loss of goodness and prepare to face judgement for their actions, Brachiano and Flamineo face a twisted justice in their deaths as punishment for the murders of Isabella, Camillo and Marcello. However, the justice that is given to the men is not served by God, as is expected in Paradise Lost, having the ‘resolution to die’ at his hand, but at the hands of other men in The White Devil, since now in their fallen state they believe that they have the power to give out justice. The false disguise could be interpreted therefore as becoming god-like, endowing the self with ultimate power (as Satan does earlier in Book IX) and the appearance of innocence like th at of God. Both Webster and Milton may have used this image in order to comment on the behaviour of Charles II and James I; Charles’ reign ended the Republic, and his tyrannical behaviour may have been thought to be like that of God, as Charles believed in the ‘Divine Right of Kings’ which gave him ultimate rule. James too believed in the doctrines and both installed and pardoned his close friends in the court, acting as if he was above the reaches of human justice, but giving it out as he willed. As Ribner states, ‘the only moral law appears to be a nemesis punishing sin with new sin in a never ending cycle’. The fallen world in Paradise Lost is completely consumed by its own evil – there is no hope left at the end of Book IX as the couple begin to breakdown into helpless blame and argument. However, in The White Devil, Act V closes with Giovanni, the innocent son of Brachiano and Isabella, having taken on his father title as Duke, punishing the conspirators and taking control over the murderous situation; this gives us hope at the end of the play that the fallen world is not totally consuming over the characters and that the fallen cycle can in fact be broken. Act V of The White Devil could therefore be described as a development on the fallen world of Milton, who had attempted to justify the ways of God and explain the Fall of Man as a contemporary fallen being, but Webster perhaps may, building on this original belief of damnation, be suggesting an end point of hope where humanity and the goodness of the Garden of Eden is restored once evil has been punished. Webster, writing la ter than Milton, may have more hope under the reign of James I that a better society may evolve following his reign, which contrasts Milton who wrote Paradise Lost following the restoration of the monarchy and Charles II’s regain of the throne ending the Republic. Webster perhaps is hoping that justice, as given to the fallen characters in The White Devil will soon come to his society even if it means innocent death and destruction along the way – as often James I would execute the innocent and pardon the wicked. Giovanni’s break of this fallen cycle at the end of the play could be representative of the restoration of the Garden of Eden and personal relationship with God that the Protestants would have craved in both Milton and Webster’s time by the ridding of evil influences such as James I – Simkin argues that Websters targets here is specifically the Catholic Church. Webster’s The White Devil could be argued to be a revenge tragedy of the people against the fallen oppressor – both Church and King, contrasting Milton’s heroic success of Satan’s corruption of the world and promoting evil. Webster’s presentation of the fallen world is then, in conclusion, not a presentation of a final state of evil and a total loss of innocence, but a momentary fall that hopefully will be addressed and removed by the remaining moral humanity.

Democracy Outweighs The Other Forms of Goverment Essay

Even though democracy has been in existence since the ancient Greek, it rose to prominence in the twentieth century with a large number of countries shifting to democracy. This transition to democracy has sprung up a debate over its appropriateness as a system of government, with some supporting it as an ideal system while others coining it as the vilest form of government. Although it is argued that democracy and economic growth do not go hand in hand, nevertheless, democracy is not the vilest form of government because it provides better governance, protects individual liberty and rests sovereignty with the people. Firstly, democracy has proven to provide good governance i.e. efficient management of public affairs and resources compared†¦show more content†¦Any democratic government is limited by a term after which elections are held and the government has to compete again for authority. This does not allow for a monopoly of authority as those who are ruling today have to go to the public at the end of the day to regain authority. It induces a feeling of obligation to the public as their success comes only at the hands of public. Therefore, the sole intention of the government officials becomes to work in the interests and for the betterment of the people, who at the end of the day elect them. Contrary to this, other forms of government have centralized power with no time bounded terms for government officials. This leads to a lack of responsibility in the officials, resulting in the formulation of inefficient policies and corruption. Furthermore, this argument of good governance is st rongly supported by statistics. According to the list of least corrupt countries released by Transparency International, all ten least corrupt countries are democratic countries (International). This clearly endorses the argument that democracy is very effective when it comes to governance. Secondly, democracy not only provides an effective form of governance but also makes lives better for people by providing an environment in which the core value of a society, individual liberty is protected. Liberty has been defined as the right of a person to do whatever he desires, according to hisShow MoreRelatedThe Uk Would Benefit Greatly from the Wider Use of Referendums? Discuss.1067 Words   |  5 PagesThe UK would benefit greatly from the wider use of referendumss? Discuss. A referendum is a form of direct democracy that involves a public vote on a single issue of public policy. It is a way of presenting a debated issue to public decision. The most recent referendum was in the UK; the 2014 Scottish Independence Referendum which asked the question whether Scotland should break away from the UK or not. There are a variety of arguments both for and against the wider use of referendum in theRead MoreLee Kuan Yew - Singapore Prime Minister6837 Words   |  28 Pageshas the most advanced economy in Southeast Asia. An island of 600 square kilometres, with 4.3 million people, it is the ninth richest country in per capita terms today. The story of how Lee transformed Singapore is a fascinating one because no other leader in the modern world has had such a hand in influencing and directing his countrys progress from independence to developed nation status the way he has. None has straddled the two worlds with as much success: the revolutionary world in the first

Auditing Principles and Practice of Scandals of Dozy Watchdogs

Question: Discuss about the Auditing Principles and Practice. Answer: Introduction: The current report aims to evaluate the provided article of the Accounting Scandals of Dozy Watchdogs. The first section of the report aims to depict brief description of the article along with personal views about the article. The second segment deals with critical assessment of the roles and responsibilities of an auditor. In addition, the independence issue has been discussed as well in the context of the auditor. Finally, the report sheds light on discussing the regulations and deregulations in auditing and the function of improvements to enhance the overall role and function of auditing. Brief explanation of the article: The article provides a survey of current fiascos. For instance, Tesco has announced that its guidance of profit in the initial half of 2014 was $408 million due to overstatement of rebate income received from the suppliers. Another instance includes the reporting of a Spanish court about the misstatement of finance of Bankia, after it became public in 2011. In addition, it has been observed that the top four audit firms have 98% market capitalisation. In most of the markets, only two or three large firms have knowledge in a particular industry (Bisogno 2016). A large firm needs diverse range of talent for completing a large audit. However, there is absence of massive scale in most of the places. Furthermore, it has been observed that the smallest of the large four firms is KPMG, which is bigger than the next four firms combined. The article provides an overview of the audit profession and the need for compulsory audits developed. 80% of the public firms in 1920 have obtained an audit voluntarily; however, there is no such requirement. The article explains four main influential dynamics, in which the big firms are cited as motivators for performing well. These factors are related to the conflict of interest, which are briefly stated as follows: The first factor is the disconnection of the audit committee from the management Reputation is another factor, which could be used as a vital defence in contrast to conflict (Burtles 2016). Legal risk is another potentially stronger prevention. The above factors leave only a single force that would be effective and it is regulation (Christ and Janvrin 2014). This article does not take into account the first three influential dynamics; however, it concedes that the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board(PCAOB) might have some effect. In addition, this article explains various ideas to improve the overall performance of the big four firms. Unlike the other articles, this specific article has not denied that there are certain shortcomings and tradeoffs to every recommendation. Finally, the most innovative idea is to replace the need for a yearly audit with a need to gather financial statement insurance. The only drawback is that it would need a refurbishment of the overall regulatory and legal structure for the public markets and the profession of audit with the formation of an innovative and large niche in the insurance industry (Cook, Van Bommel and Turnhout 2016). Self-view of the article: According to my view, the article has correctly pinpointed the conflict of interest as the main factor to the audit failure. However, lamenting self-regulation or hoping for effective external regulation is definitely not the solution. This is because in case of more regulations, such wisdom needs to come perforce from the auditors. In other words, as per my view, the auditors would not modify any stuff rather than their personal benefits. Hence, from my point of view, this is an issue related to feedback and incentives. This is because the auditors form a part of the organisations, in which they are more watchdogs and fewer bloodhounds. Thus, the auditors are required to be replaced individually or in mass at the time of systemic and evident failures. According to my opinion, the global organisations are on the cusp of an accounting revolution in the existing era. The techniques of cryptography like triple entry block chains enable outside and trustful evaluation to a level that is not precedent. Henceforth, there has been dramatic shift in the goalposts with the movement from intra-corporate bookkeeping to inter-corporate settlement at real time. In case, any benefit is associated with the real time information, it would play out in the costs of capital. When the actual transactions are effective to work with for the relying parties along with monitoring health to the minute or the day, the investment of the savers could be directed according to the crowd monitoring. This would emerge out as the new risk-free rate, which is the investment obtained at the expense of public knowledge. Critical evaluation of the auditors role and responsibilities: The roles and responsibilities of an auditor are of prime significance in the modern capitalism. With the initiation of joint stock corporation, a mismatch has inundated the shareholders between the interests of the owners and the managers of an organisation (De Santis 2016). As the executives of an organisation have more knowledge about its operations compared to the investors, they could hide the actual financial condition of the same. As a result, the market would restrict capital to the firm due to the distrustful attitude of the managers. In this case, the auditors enter for resolving such issue, which is termed as information asymmetry (Gabl, Wieser and Hemetsberger 2016). For instance, the early joint stock organisations such as the Dutch East India Company has chosen a group of investors for ensuring the inclusion of books; however, the conventional auditors have lacked in expertise or time for providing an efficient management check. With the increase in the number of investors in the modern day organisations, their inefficiency of sending different sleuths for keeping the management in track has increased as well (Gustavson 2015). In addition, the auditors are responsible for making vouchers for the organisations planning to minimise finance costs. The auditors, in turn, have been paid for assessing their clients in a fair manner to win the overall market trust. However, the traditional investors have not contrasted between the auditing firms and their lower scrupulous peers. For instance, Swedish Match, a firm in Europe, specialised in ensuring state-sanctioned monopolies; however, its aggression of accounting had surpassed. As a result, it has collapsed in 1932, which has resulted in loss of American investors of $4.33 billion (Knechel and Salterio 2016). After such incident, the governments have made it mandatory for all the publicly listed organisations to issue audited financial statements. However, no rules and regulations were imposed on the auditors about the items to be disclosed in the audit report. For example, according to the verdict of a British judge, the auditors are not bound to be detectives. Instead, they are just watchdogs and not bloodhounds. Hence, in this case, the auditors are not required to offer services for including value to the investors for compelling the organisations to avail their services. In addition, the auditors have shifted from the statement that the financial statements are accurate to mere judgement (Li et al. 2013). Based on the above discussion, the following could be identified as the major role and responsibilities of an auditor: Inquiring the management to develop an insight of the organisation, its financial reporting, operations and error or fraud Analysing and understanding the internal control system of the organisation (Qasaimeh et al. 2016) Confirming the balances of accounts receivables and other accounts with a third party Not involved in making changes for sourcing documents Not serves as the stock of a client Not involved in designing the financial management system of a client Independence issue: The auditor independence is associated with the circumstances that surround the audit including employment, business, personal and financial relationships between the auditor, the auditing entity and related parties (Rafiei and Moeinadin 2014). The major issues associated with the independence of the auditor are stated briefly as follows: The threat of self-interest arises at the time the auditor has financial interest that might have negative impact on the audit firm for recovering long accrued fee from the corporation for recovering long accrued fee from the corporation. For instance, Arthur Andersen, a peer of the big four global firms have been charged with lawsuits for the Enron scandal due to financial interest in auditing the financial statements of the organisation. The threat of self-review occurs when the outcomes of non-audit services performed on the part of the auditor within the auditing firm are represented in the amounts disclosed in the financial statements (Kumar and Sharma 2015). For instance, the auditors are not allowed to provide valuation services to their clients, in opposition, it could be considered as self-review threat. The threat of management takes place when the staffs and partners of the audit firm undertake decisions for the management of the audited firm. For instance, as observed from the provided article, the organisations with an experienced executive that the Big four has previously employed, are probable to be audited by that firm rather than its rivals. The head of the audit committee of Tesco Plc has previously worked in PWC, which might increase the threat of management. The threat of advocacy arises when the audit firm takes work that includes acting as a supporter for an audited entity and position of the management in an unfavourable context (William Jr, Glover and Prawitt 2016). For instance, although the big four firms occupy a greater portion of the market share, some of their approved statements have been later revealed as incorrect. This resembles with the advocacy threat, as these audit firms intend to support the management of the multinationals in unfavourable situations. Regulations and deregulations in auditing and function of improvements in improving the role and function of auditing: Even though the regulators have admitted that the role of government inspections would be immense in minimising gross negligence, it is difficult to transform the auditors into trusty allies for the shareholders. In that case, the structural reforms need to be introduced for improving the overall audit quality (Zadek, Evans and Pruzan 2013). The diversification of the audit report is the easiest option available for improvement. It has been observed that UK has replaced the sole page statement of pass or fail with a detailed overview of the activities and area of focus of the auditors. Thus, the accountants could use a broader group of value drivers, which might include oil reserves for energy firms or drug pipelines for the pharmaceutical organisations. Another possible deregulation would be to increase the level of competition amongst the audit firms. The big four firms mainly dominate this industry and such dominance has restricted the government in prosecuting KPMG, as it has marketed illicit tax shelters. This is because it might destroy in KPMG and the balance of the oligopoly market might be lost (Zeff 2016). Therefore, in order to increase the level of competition, the team of weaker networks could be merged to develop a new global player. Such entry of the new audit firm might help in increasing the overall audit quality. The audit committee needs to be shielded from the influence of the management. This could be made through nomination by a distinct proxy vote, instead of the board of directors. Such change would enable in minimising the risk of the Chief Financial Officer recommending an auditor to a member of the committee (Zeff, Radcliffe and Gunz 2014). Hence, these above-stated regulations and deregulations would help in improving the overall quality of audit. Conclusion: From the above discussion, it has been evaluated that most innovative idea is to replace the need for a yearly audit with a need to gather financial statement insurance. In addition, the auditors are involved in certain roles and responsibilities that include gaining an insight of the organisation through management inquiry, understanding its system of internal control and confirming the balances of accounts receivables and other accounts. The independence issue of the auditor is concerned with certain threats like threats of management, self-interest, self-review and advocacy. Finally, in order to improve the overall audit quality, diversification of audit report, increasing the level of competition amongst the audit firms and shielding of audit committee from the influence of the management are necessary.

Some of the Elements of Academic Integrity Essay Samples

Some of the Elements of Academic Integrity Essay SamplesIn order to protect the integrity of the institution in which they are enrolled, students should be taught the critical components of writing a good academic integrity essay. By learning the elements of academic integrity, students will be better able to balance their own moral code with the rules of their colleges and universities.One of the most important aspects of academic integrity is honesty. Students must be honest with themselves and with those who examine their work. Students can also be honest with those who are conducting the reviews of their work, including their professor, adviser, or other instructors.The second aspect of academic integrity that students must learn is that they should not lie. They cannot use deception to gain information from another student or an instructor. Lying about one's educational background or affiliations also constitutes dishonesty. Students are also not allowed to lie about their own g rades. A cheating student will be kicked out of school.Intellectual integrity is the third component of academic integrity. Students must be able to clearly state and prove their points, either through their writing teaching, or research. There is no room for fuzzy thinking. Words cannot be twisted. Students must be able to demonstrate clear, coherent points that are backed up by evidence.The fourth element of academic integrity is honesty. Students are expected to be completely honest in everything they do. Any instance of academic dishonesty will lead to the student being blacklisted from future classes. It will also have an adverse effect on the overall grade of the student.The fifth element of intellectual integrity is integrity within relationships. Students must be willing to follow the rules and be respectful of their teachers and fellow students. This includes their peers.The sixth aspect of academic integrity is sincerity, both when it comes to teaching and research and in genuine interest in other people. Students must be interested in others, regardless of their background. They should not use this interest as an excuse for breaking the rules.No matter what subject they are writing about, students must show dedication to the course material, whether they are teaching a particular topic or researching a particular topic. They must also be passionate about their work. A student who are dedicated to a subject, the course, and the university is considered to be an excellent academic student.